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英语有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。对前两种语气,学生似乎比较熟悉,而对虚拟语气似乎感到比较难把握。造成这种情况的重要原因,一是对虚拟语气有曲解,认为虚拟语气表达的内容都是假的;二是将虚拟语气放在英语语法过高的地位上,原因之一是语法测验经常考虚拟语气,如2000年A卷20道语法题中有5道是虚拟语气的语法领域;三是英语中虚拟语气的表达情势比较特别。
实在,虚拟语气有两大类用法:
1. 在对"他人"作命令、推荐、建议、安慰、说服时用虚拟语气情势表达,
I would like you to answer this question. (我想请你往返答这个标题。)
这里的would like to (想),
口语中常用的句型,象:
Would you mind my smoking here?(我在这里吸烟你不介意吧?)
It might a good idea to wait and see.(观看或许是个好主意。)
Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告诉我邮局怎么走吗?)
You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你最好带上雨伞;天在打雷。)
I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(这种恶劣气象我宁可呆在家里。)
留心这里的动词都采用了"过往时"的情势,等句子都属于虚拟语气的领域。
2. 表达与事实相反或(几乎)不可能实现的事,
If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (当时有个医生就好了。- 实际情况是当时没有医生)
虚拟语气的句型分类和用法:
虚拟语气可以粗略地分为两大类:
第一类:should 型虚拟式 第二类:were 型虚拟式
1.should
1.should 型虚拟式:should + 本相动词(往往省往should, 特别是在测验时)
,味?往往省往should, 特别是在测验时)这类虚拟式最多用在以下词或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主语从句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要亲身参加这次会议。)
马上要想到这是"should型"虚拟式,只要看到"necessary"。
记住下面构成"should型"虚拟式的词:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(急切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(公平的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(紧急的)/ incredible(难以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推荐)/ suggest(建议)/ demand(请求) / command(命令)/ propose(建议)/ require(请求)/ request(恳求) / insist(保持认为)/ urge(主意) / advise(劝告)/ ask(请求)/ prefer(情愿)/ desire(愿看)/ move(提议)/ vote(提议)
由这些词构成的宾语从句,
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主语从句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表语从句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(宾语从句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位语从句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 结构中,
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真实语气:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (以防他感冒,她把一条毛毯盖在孩子身上。)
此类虚拟语气比较轻易吸收,测验时只要认准了上面的那些字一般就不难作出正确选择,可见。
就解题而言,
The housemaster(男舍监)was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
该题中的"ask"意为"请求",
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 从句的结构中,
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (她竟看上往如此不高兴,真是希奇。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是错过了这样好的电影那真是遗憾。)
2.were型虚拟式:
就是借用行动动词过往时的某个情势以及be动词的"were"这个情势来表达某种虚拟的语气,所谓were型虚拟式。
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